Derivation of the Universal Force Law (4 Parts): A new universal electromagnetic force law for real finite-size elastic charged particles is derived by solving simultaneously the fundamental empirical laws of classical electrodynamics, i.e. Gauss's laws, Ampere's generalized law, Faraday's law, and Lenz's law assuming Galilean invariance. This derived version of the electromagnetic force law incorporates the effects of the self-fields of real finite-size size elastic particles as observed in particle scattering experiments. It can account for gravity, inertia, and relativistic effects including radiation and radiation reaction. The non-radial terms of the force law explain the experimentally observed curling of plasma currents, the tilting of the orbits of the planets with respect to the equatorial plane of the sun, and certain inertial gyroscope motions. The derived force law satisfies Newton's third law, conservation of energy and momentum, conservation of charge, and Mach's Principle. The mathematical properties of equations for the fundamental empirical laws and also Hooper's experiments showing that the fields of a moving charge move with the charge require that the electrodynamic force be a contact force based on field extensions of the charge instead of action-at-a-distance. The Lorenz force is derived from Galilean invariance. The most general form of the force law, derived using all the higher order terms of the Galilean transformation , is assumed to be exact for all phenomena on all size scales. Arguments are given that this force law is superior to all previous force laws, I.e. relativistic quantum electrodynamics, gravitation, inertial, strong interaction and weak, interaction force laws.

A Classical Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles (Part 2): A new classical electrodynamics approach is presented in this paper to explain the existence of all the observed elementary particles, their internal symmetries, their principal decay modes and their principal interactions. This classical approach is based on the plasma physics experiments of Winston Bostick with plasmons that indicate how continuous charge-fibers exist without radiating energy and can be combined to build larger complex stable structures with great tensile strength.
In particular, a model consisting of classical electromagnetic intertwining charge-fibers in continuous loops is presented that explains the existence of all the observed elementary particles. It explains the physical origin of the 6 quarks and 6 leptons of the Standard Model. Furthermore it explains the physical origin of the 26 dimensions of the String Theory and the 10 dimensions of the Supersymmetric String Theory. Finally it explains how 6 of the Supersymmetric String Theory dimensions curl up to be non-observable.
Democritus defined the "atom" to be the smallest piece of matter – with hooks on it to hold things together. If he had only closed the hook to form a loop, he would have gotten it right! The tiny closed charge-fiber loop is the real "atom" of matter. This initial draft of a new purely classical electromagnetic model of elementary particles appears capable of accomplishing the scientists' goal of a unified theory of elementary particles and forces in a simply elegant manner with Platonic beauty. It is significant to the Judeo-Christian community, because it is purely electromagnetic in origin in agreement with their Scriptures. Also the model shows remarkable symmetry in the design of elementary particles uniquely identifying them with the triune Creator-God. The model is based on the Biblical and classical notion of cause and effect instead of the random chance of Quantum Theory. It has strong cosmological implications.

The Law of Cause and Effect: For thousands of years, the law of cause and effect guided scientific inquiry. In fact, the history of the concept of causality can be traced through Hebrew, Babylonian, Greek and European cultures. Certain Greek philosophers, however, introduced the atomistic concept of chance-events to oppose the common-sense application of causality. The resulting conflict between cause versus chance has not only shaped the history of science but has imposed lasting effects on Western culture as a whole. This conflict intensified during the Twentieth Century as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) became the leading tool of the proponents of chance. More recent findings have now demonstrated that the HUP fails in six actual cases. Common Sense Science counters chance-based philosophy by returning to causality and other principles of Classical Science such as the conservation of energy and the use of physical finite-sized models for fundamental particles (e.g., the electron). This paper shows how physical models based on the laws of electricity and magnetism fully implement the law of cause and effect in the manner of the four causes required by Aristotle. Chance-based physics is exposed as false science based on erroneous assumptions about supposed chance-events instead of causal relationships.

Observations of the Properties of Physical Entities (Part 2): Part 2 cites and presents experimental data that reveal the existence, shape, and size of electrons, protons and neutrons. The Helicon Model of Elementary Particles is defined as a toroidal helical structure of charge fibers (one or more) that account for the electromagnetic energy (excited states) of elementary particles. The helicon is a physical model of a durable particle with specific geometry that describes its shape and size. A careful interpretation of scattering experiments performed by Arthur Compton and Robert Hofstadter gives precise agreement with the thin, flexible ring predicted by the Helicon Model. Plasma experiments of Winston Bostick, and S.C. Hsu and P.M. Bellan, provide additional data that support the Helicon Model of Elementary Particles.

Observations of the Properties of Physical Entities (Part 1): Knowledge of nature has been acquired through common experiences and controlled laboratory experiments. When the order of physical encounters becomes evident, the expected outcomes of physical events and processes are formulated into general concepts, axioms, and laws of nature to provide understanding of the nature of things in the universe. Observations of the properties of physical entities divide simply into two groups: general concepts called "laws" and specific features of entities called "properties". Part 1 of this report deals with the laws - leaving the properties for a later report. In Part 1, the laws of nature are listed, referenced, and explained in relation to the Ring Model and the Standard Model of Elementary Particles.

Unification of Physics - Theory of Everything: The main goal of Common Sense Science is to develop a unified theory that explains the structure of matter and predicts its motions by a single force law. A Theory of Everything has broad appeal among physicists: "Many scientists now believe that a TOE is a distinct possibility in the near future. It would be prudent, then, to ask just what one might expect of a theory that seems to cover 'everything' in its wake. Davies and Brown have considered just this question (Davies and Brown, Superstrings, A Theory of Everything). Their criteria are simple. A TOE must explain (1) matter, (2) the forces affecting matter, and finally (3) the space-time framework of matter as well as unify the quantum and relativity theories... The foremost task in theoretical physics must be to unify the quantum and relativity, the discrete and continuous aspects of physical reality and nature...[1]"
Criteria (1) and (2) are undoubtedly legitimate. But criterion (3) has been intractable, and this writer sees no possibility or value in integrating theories known to be flawed, not matter how popular they may be. Even Einstein was unable to "create a Theory of Everything, a comprehensive set of equations to describe all matter and energy in the universe... Einstein's failure arose from the incompatibility between his Theory of General Relativity (which explains the behavior of matter over large scales) and Quantum Mechanics (which tells un how small things like atoms and electrons work)." [2]
A TOE must include physical mechanisms for the exchange of energy – and explain forces; arguments from energy alone are usually inadequate without a mechanism for the exchange of energy. Without the causal relationships imbedded in mechanisms, deductions from the considerations of energy alone are inconclusive. Our approach integrates a deformable physical model with its self-field, neither of which can exist without the other. I will explain below just how a particle and fields are brought together in a single notion of wave-particle duality.

A Physical Model for Atoms and Nuclei (4 Parts): A physical geometrical packing model for the structure of the atom was developed [1-8] based on the physical toroidal ring model of elementary particles proposed by Bergman [9]. From the physical characteristics of real electrons experimentally determined by Compton [10-12] this work derived, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that pack into the various physical shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation were based upon simple but fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry. From a magnetic basis the model explained the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reasons why the Periodic Table has only seven periods.
The toroidal model was then extended to describe the emission spectra of hydrogen and other atoms. Use was made of some of the author's standing-wave experiments with large toroidal springs. The resulting model accurately predicted the same emission spectral lines as the Quantum Model including the fine structure and hyperfine structure. Moreover it went beyond the Dirac and Bohr quantum models of the atom to predict 64 new lines or transitions in the extreme ultraviolet emission spectra of hydrogen that have been confirmed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Physics Lab at Berkeley from its NASA rocket experiment data [13].
In this work blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect are explained in terms of the Ring Model and electromagnetic waves. Here the emphasis is on the atom consisting of finite-size electrons acting as containers with quantized internal standing-wave-type structures for absorbing and emitting electromagnetic waves - in contrast to the notion of quantized packaging of electromagnetic energy into particles called photons.